Background: We explored the level of Jordanian patients’ knowledge, diabetes related distress, self-management ac-tivities and these effects on the A1C level.Methodology: This descriptive cross-sectional correlational design (conducted in 2013) was utilized to recruit 289 diabetic patients from outpatient diabetes clinics, using self-reported questionnaires (Diabetes Knowledge Test, Diabe-tes Distress Scale, and Diabetes Self-Management Questionnaire) in addition to chart review for selected variables.Results: Participants’ had mean glycated hemoglobin of 7.88%. Good glycemic control was significantly associated with higher self-management activities (r=-.147), high income (r=-.171), older age (r=-.252), shorter duration of ill-ness (r=.153), and low levels of distress. Despite these relationships only age, duration of illness and income signifi-cantly predicted A1C (F (5, 284) =11.57, P<.001, R2=.17). Further, diabetes knowledge, diabetes-related distress, and self-management could not predict A1C level.Conclusion: Only diabetes-related distress and self-management correlated with patients’ A1C, with no predictive power. Thus, further research is required to shed the light on the large unexplained components of the A1C variance.

Objective:Measuring of hemoglobin A1c( HbA1c )as the main glycated hemoglobin in circulation, is the most reliable method for evaluation of hyperglycemia control in diabetic patients. Method:Colorimetric measuring method for HbA1c is based on releasing glucose in 100°C as 5-hydroxymethylfurfural(5HMF)and then measuring it in a colorimetric reaction with thiobarbituric acid (TBA).This method is affected by different variables. Results: This study shows that TBA solution is stable at 4°c at least for one month. But by reducing the time of boiling from 5 hours to 1 hour, color intensity would decrease as much as 42% . On the other hand, reducing the time and temperature of colorimetric reaction from 40 to 15 minutes and 50 ° C to 25° C would result in 29% and 63% reduction in color intensity, respectively. In addition, developed color is unstable at room temprature and would decerase as much as 53% within 40 minutes. Conclusion: With the colorimetric measurment of HbA1c , it is recommended to use 5 hours boiling , colorimetric reaction in 50 ° C for 40 minutes,and rapid reading of optical density.

Glycation refers to the nonenzymatic glycosylation of the free amino groups of proteins and sugars. Advanced Glycation End-products (AGEs) are the final stage in the glycation process. AGEs cause many complications in diabetic patients. Fortunate hydrochloride is a highly effective pesticide widely used in agriculture. Hence, all human beings, both healthy and diabetic-affected patients, can be exposed to this toxin. Therefore, the purpose of the present research is to study, the effect of Formetanate hydrochloride upon the glycated human hemoglobin (GHb). To form glycated hemoglobin, Hb was incubated with glucose for 35 days under physiological conditions (dark, 37 °, C, and pH 7. 4). The effect of the toxin on GHb was investigated via docking studies, fluorometry, UV-Vis, and circular dichroism spectroscopy. Incubating Hb with glucose could degrade the structure of the protein. Samples containing GHb and formetanate hydrochloride showed remarkable changes in the structure,Heme-group degradation and an increase in β,-sheet structures was also observed. The results of docking studies were consistent with these results. As diabetes is rapidly expanding in today's world and formetanate hydrochloride is widely used in agriculture, the impact of this toxin on these patients will be very important. According to the results obtained, this toxin can have a more destructive effect on the glycated Hb in these patients.

Background: Optimal glycemic control is generally believed to be essential in patients with diabetes to minimize the long term complications associated with the disease. Measuring the level of glycated hemoglobin is usually performed to assess long term control while evaluation of short term control is achieved by determining the levels of plasma proteins or fructosamine. Regarding the shorter half life of plasma proteins, it is believed that fructosamine test is more sensitive in responding to variations in glycemic condition.Objective: To compare fructosamine and glycated hemoglobin tests in assessing glycemic control.Methods: This method evaluation study carried out in Yazd center for diabetes in 2003. The study group consisted of 50 diabetic patients who were tested for plasma fructosmine and glycatd hemoglobim levels during two months. Two measurements for fructosamine level (once each month) and one assay for glycatd hemoglobim level (at the end of two months) were performed. Ion exchange chromatography and chlorometric method based on nitro blue tetrazulium reduction were used to measure glycated hemoglobin and fructosamine, respectively.Findings: The results were indicative of a highly significant correlation between fructosamine and glycated hemoglobin (r=0.94; p<0.001). Variation coefficient among series and days of fructosamine measurement were 2.7 and 5.1 with recovery rate of 96.8%. Conclusion: Based on data found in our study and also in view of lower price, easy performance, high accuracy and precision, it seems that fructosanine to have a high capacity in assessing diabetes control.

Background: Various analytes are used to assess glycemic control in laboratory medicine. Glucose measurements show current glucose levels, but sample stability can be influenced by diet and stress. Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) is the best marker for long-term control but can be affected by elevated urea levels. This study compared glycated albumin (GA) and HbA1c in diabetic patients undergoing hemodialysis. Methods: A comparative cross-sectional study was conducted with a sample size of 280 volunteers. Among these, there were 115 diabetic patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD), 95 diabetic patients without ESRD, and 75 non-diabetic patients with ESRD. Laboratory measurements included HbA1c, GA, urea, and creatinine, assessed using standard laboratory techniques. Data analysis was carried out using SPSS statistical software. Results: Levels of HbA1c were lower in diabetic patients with ESRD compared to diabetic patients without ESRD. In contrast, GA levels were higher in diabetics with ESRD. A significant negative association was observed between HbA1c levels and urea levels. However, creatinine levels were not associated with either HbA1c or GA. Conclusion: The estimation of glycated hemoglobin levels can be affected by high blood urea. Therefore, GA may be a better glycemic indicator for diabetic patients with ESRD.

Background: Diabetic patients have higher mortality rate after acute MI. Prevalence of DM in Yazd is 2.5 fold higher than general population of U. S and is common risk factor in MI patients. The main aims of this study were evaluation of control rate of DM and prognosis of diabetic patients after acute MI. Materials and Methods: 102 diabetic patients with acute MI (48 men and 54 women) between may 2001 to February 2002 with mean age 61.52±11.45 year hospitalized in ccus of yazd included in this analytical cross sectional study. Level of HbAIC was determined. Results: Analysis of data showed 91.3% diabetics have HbAIC>7% (93 vs 9). Total in-hospital mortality was 10.7%% (8 women vs 3 men). All death was occurred in uncontrolled diabetics (11.8% vs 0%) PV = 0.042. Conclusion: This study showes almost all diabetic patients presented with acute MI had uncontrolled DM with higher mortality in comparison with controlled diabetic patients. We recommend measurment of HbAIC in all diabetic patients after admision for acute MI as determinant of prognosis.

Objectives: Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) is the most commonly used glycemic index among diabetic patients. The present study sought to investigate the relationship between HbA1c and lipid parameters among healthy pregnancies and gestational diabetic cases. Materials and Methods: Seventy-five Saudi pregnant women within the age group of 19 to 43 years were selected for this cross-sectional study. The participants were categorized into with and without gestational diabetes (GDM), all of whom were non-smokers; in addition, they neither had a previous history of chronic illnesses nor were they on any medications which could alter lipid profile and HbA1c concentrations. Totally, 75 g of oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was utilized to identify 25 women with GDM. All biochemical tests including HbA1c, fasting blood sugar (FBG), total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein (LDL-cholesterol), triglycerides (TG), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL-cholesterol) were performed by a biochemical auto-analyzer. The collected data were statistically analyzed using a paired student’ s t test. The P values of <0. 05 were considered statistically significant on all the analyses related to healthy pregnancies and those associated with GDM. Results: The HbA1c and FBG values demonstrated significant correlation with GDM (P < 0. 001 each). However, TC, LDL-cholesterol, and TG failed to indicate any significant difference between the 2 groups. Conversely, HDL-cholesterol and the ratio of TG and HDL-cholesterol revealed remarkable differences between GDM and healthy participants (P < 0. 05 each). Conclusions: In general, the blood levels of glucose, HbA1c, TG, and HDL-cholesterol are of paramount significance in GDM. Predictably, HbA1c can be employed as one of the markers in evaluating the risk factors in developing dyslipidemia among pregnant women.